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Annals of Wyoming
Annals of Wyoming: The Wyoming History Journal is published quarterly by the Wyoming State Historical Society in association with the Wyoming Department of Commerce, the American Heritage Center, and the Department of History, University of Wyoming. The Journal was previously published as the Quarterly Bulletin (1923-1925), Annals of Wyoming (1925-1993), Wyoming Annals (1993-1995) and Wyoming History Journal (1995-1996). The Annals has been the official publication of the Wyoming State Historical Society since 1953 and is distributed as a benefit of membership in the Wyoming State Historical Society.

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	Trapper Trails to the Sisk-ke-dee Annals of Wyoming 17:2:88-105 by Dr. Carl P. Russell The Sisk-ke-dee is an area in which the Green River flows. The "Green River was known as the 'Seeds-ke-dee-agie' or Sage Hen River." It is an area where high montain ranges merge and waters flow west, north, east, and south. The era of the fur trapper began about 1807 and lasted until the last rendezvous in 1840. Travels of the mountain men [names like Manuel Lisa, John Colter, Andrew Henry, John Hoback, Edward Robinson, Jacob Reznor, William H. Ashley, and Jedediah Smith] criss-crossed this area of the Rocky Mountains and left a history of trading posts and rendezvous that represented the era of western fur trade. Fifteen annual rendezvous occurred from 1825-1840, most of which were on the Green River. The fur trade era influenced the American efforts to oust the British from Oregon Territory.

	Oregon Trail - Trek No. One Annals of Wyoming 27:2:162-194 Contributors: Mrs. Sam Thompson, Joseph Weppner, L.C. [Loren Clark] Bishop, Lola M. Homsher, Maurine Carley, Chester Frederick, Warren Richardson, John Yoder, David L. Hieb, Lester Bagley, R.J. Rymill, W.W. Morrison, John Hunton, Robert O. Davis Oregon Trail Trek No. One was the first of many adventures by the Wyoming State Historical Society to share information and pleasure with others interested in preserving the historical lore of Wyoming. Led by L.C. Bishop, State Engineer, and Albert Sims, a rancher from Douglas,Wyoming, the trek covered about 47 miles of the Oregon Trail from where it enters Wyoming east of Torrington and ended at the Frederick Ranch east of Guernsey. One hundred fifteen persons participated in the June trek.

	Oregon Trail - Trek No. Five Annals of Wyoming 29:2:176-194 Contributors: Maurine Carley (trek historian), Colonel A.R. Boyack, Mrs. P.E. Daley, Byron N. McKinstry, Clark Bishop, Lester Bagley, Jule Farlow, Lola Lohsher, Mrs. Tom Sun, Mrs. A.R. Boyack Oregon Trail Trek No. Five in July 1955 travelled 45 miles from the Tom Sun Ranch and Devil's Gate to Ice Slough Creek. One hundred eight trekkers first learned from Mr. A.R. Boyack about Mormons at Martin Cove. Other presentations were: 1) Plont Pony Express and Stage Station by Tom Sun; 2) Split Rock Pony Express and Stage Station by Lola Homsher; 3) Story of Mrs. Lamoreaux, a Sioux woman, by Jule Farlow; 4) Wagon ruts and Castle Gardes by Maurine Carley; 5) The Three Crossings by Lester Bagley; 6) Emigrant road near Ice Slough by Clark Bishop; and 7) Reading from diary of Byron M. McKinstry.

	Oregon Trail - Trek No. Eight: Lander Road Annals of Wyoming 31:1:76-93 Contributors: L.C. [Loren Clark] Bishop, Lester Bagley, Jules Farlow Sr., Joseph Bayley, Hazel Boyack, Helen Henderson, Albert Sims Oregon Trail Trek No. Eight, led by L. C. Bishop and Albert Sims, covered 158 miles of the Oregon Trail from Burnt Ranch where it went into Idaho. Fifty Nine trekkers travelled the portion of the Oregon Trail known as the Lander Cut Off. Presentations were: 1) Burnt Ranch by Hazel N. Boyack; 2) Aspen Hut by Helen Henderson; 3) Lander Road by Joseph Bagley; 4) the Lamoreaux family by Jules Farlow, Sr., grandson of Jules Lamoreaux; 5) Commissary Ridge by Joe Bagley; and 6) Lander Trail at Smith's Fork, Salt River, and Idaho border by Lester Bagley.

	Overland Stage Trail - Trek No. One Annals of Wyoming 33:1:72-101 Contributors: Maurine Carley (trek historian), L.C. [Loren Clark] Bishop, Leeland Grieve, Kleber Hadsell, Willing Richardson, L.E. Dixon, A.S. Gillespie, Amy Lawrence, Mary Lou Pence, Mrs. W.J. Logan Sr., Edith R. Williams, The Overland Stage Trail Trek No. One - Trek No. 11 of Emigrant Trail Treks led by L.C. Bishop, Albert Sims and Lyle Hildebrand, covered 127 miles of the Overland Stage Trail from Virginia Dale Stage Station, which is just in Colorado, to the North Platte Stage Station near Saratoga, Wyoming. Seventy five participants trekked in September 1960. Presentations were made: 1) Virginia Dale Stage Station on the Overland Route by Edith R. Williams; 2) More history of Virginia Dale by Mrs. W.J. Logand, Sr.; 3) Fort Sanders -- Sentinel of the Laramie Plains by Mary Lou Pence; 4) W.H. Lawrence Ranch by Amy Lawrence; 5) Short history of the Cooper Creek area by Mr. A.S. Gillespie; 6) History of Arlington by L.E. Dixon; 7) The Cherokee Pack Trail by Willing Richardson; 8) Medicine Bow Stage Station, now Elk Mountain Post Office by Willing Richardson; 9) Fort Halleck by Kleber Hadsell; and 10) Platte River Crossing by Leeland Grieve.

	Overland Stage Trail - Trek No. Two Annals of Wyoming 33:2:194-214 Contributors: Maurine Carley (trek historian), Adrian Reynolds, Mrs. Emilie Hurd, Zita Winter, Jerry Felton, Edward R. McAusland, P.E. Daley, Mrs. Walter Lambertsen, Ed Tierney, Leeland Grieve, Colonel Archie R. Boyack Trek No. 12 of the Emigrant Trail Treks covered 134 miles of the Overland Stage Trail. In August 1961, 68 trekkers travelled from Saratoga, Wyoming to Point of Rocks, Wyoming. A special tribute to Loren Clark Bishop, born at Old Fort Fetterman in 1885 and a man whose life was dominated by Wyoming history, was made by Archie R. Boyack. Other presentations were: 1) Platte River Crossing by Leeland Grieve; 2) Sage Creek Station by Ed Tierney; 3) Pine Grove Station by Mrs. Walter Lambertsen; 4) Bridger's Pass and Bridger Station by P.E. Daley; 5) Sulphur Springs Station on the Overland Trail by Edward R. McAuslan; 6) Waskie Station by Jerry Felton; 7) Dug Springs by Zita Winter; 8) LaClede Station by Ed Tierney; 9) Big Pond Station by Mrs. Emilie Hurd; 10) Black Buttes by Adrian Reynolds; and 11) Point of Rocks by Adrian Reynolds.

	1852 on the Oregon Trail Annals of Wyoming 34:1:52-59 by Mae Urbanek "On the seventh day of April 1852 we started for California. Company consisting of 3 ... James C. David, Oliver P. David and A.G. Sherraden. It was a painful matter to leave friends and acquaintances perhaps for the last time..." begins the Diary of James C. David traveling from Wisconsin to California April 7, 1852 until he became sick soon after passing Fort Laramie June 15, 1852. Descriptions of locations along the journey including: Traders Point (now known as Omaha), Chimney rock, Laramie peak, Fort Laramie, typical camp scene's, and typical wagon trail experiences.

	Camp Walbach Nebraska Territory, 1858-1859: The Military Post at Cheyenne Pass Annals of Wyoming 35:1:5-20 by Garry David Ryan Camp Walback was a United States Army garrison southwest of Fort Laramie on the Fort Riley - Bridger's Pass Road. The road, originally proposed as a "more direct route west from the Missouri River settlements," was felt to require a United States Army presence because of the deteriorating relationship between Mormons and federal officials in the Territory of Utah. Brevet Major Thomas Williams commanded the post to protect the War Department's supply line to the Army of Utah. Named after Brigadier General John De B. Walbach, the post was located on Cheyenne Pass, a desolate and hostile part of Nebraska Territory in 1858. Short of a year the post was removed because the road was determined unfit due to lack of food and water and the Mormon War had petered out.

	Bridger Trail Trek Annals of Wyoming 39:1:108-128 Contributors: Maurine Carley (trek historian),Mike Riley, Hugh Knoefel, Adeline Neiber Murdock, Jim Skelton, J. Herold Day, Betty M. Sager, Louie Strohecker Trek No. 17 of the Historical Trail Treks, covering the Bridger Trail, was led by Maurine Carley, Dick Eklund, Paul Henderson, and Lyle Hildebrand. Sponsored by Natrona County Chapter, Washakie County Chapter, and Big Horn County Chapter of the Wyoming State Historical Society. The 98 trekkers travelled approximately 250 miles in two days from the Poison Spider River in Natrona County to Frannie, Wyoming (three cars travelled to Bridger, Montana, the logical end of the trail). Presenttions were made: 1) Story of Poison Spider Country by Louie Strohecker; 2) Powder River Country by Betty M. Sager; 3) The Bridger Trail and related events around Lysite by J. Herold Day; 4) Bridger Trail Ford by Jim Skelton; 5) Neiber Stage Stop by Adeling Neiber Murdock; 6) Captain Bates' Battle by Hugh Knoefel; 7) The Bridger Trail in Big Horn Country by Mike Riley; and 8) Maps of Greybull Valley displayed by Ella Yorgason.

	Point of Rocks - South Pass City Freight Road Trek Annals of Wyoming 40:1:107-127 Contributors: Maurine Carley (trek historian), Charles Markley, Clyde W. Hobbs, Harold Rogers, Joe Cook, William Marion, Jim Carpenter, Mrs. Lyle Maerer, Norman Dickinson, George Stephens, Grant Willson, Rae Dell Varley Trek No. 18 of the Historical Trail Treks was led by Maurine Carley and Dick Eklund. Ninety five participants travelled the 70 mile Point of Rocks - South Pass City Freight Road in early July 1967. Presentations were made by: 1) Point of Rocks Stage Station by Rae Dell Varley; 2) Sand Dunes by Grant 0Willson; 3) Jack Morrow by George Stephens; 4) South Pass City by Norman Dickinson; 5) Atlantic City by Mrs. Lyle Maerer and Jim Carpenter; 6) Fort Stambaugh by William Marion; 7) Red Canyon Stage Station by Joe Cook; 8) Story of Lander by Harold Rogers; 9) Wind River Reservation by Clyde W. 0Hobbs, Superintendent; and 10) The Shoshone Indian Episcopalian Mission by Charles Markley.

	Wives, Mothers, Daughters: Women's life on the road West Annals of Wyoming 42:2:191-224 By Robert L. Munkres Women's life on the emigrant trail required many skills and strengths characteristic of women of that time; whether they were "in the States" or on the emigrant roads. This article details, via quotes from diaries, many of those areas that required a woman's frontier spirit. Among the areas are: 1) sickness and health; 2) work, such as cooking, getting wood, and getting water; 3) accidents; 4) lost children and women; 5) storms; 6) Indians, and 7) death. There was "optimism and toughness. that characterized these 'First Ladies of the West.'"

	Second Segment of the Oregon Trail: Cold Spring to Fort Fetterman Annals of Wyoming 42:2:252-274 Compiled by Maurine Carley (trek historian) The Wyoming State Historical Society's 21st trek of the Historical Trail Treks covered about 100 miles along the Oregon Trail from Cold Spring, near Guernsey to Fort Fetterman, near Douglas. About 150 trekkers began their trek at the Frederick ranch near the Cold Spring marker. Historical presentations were made at many stops. 1) Badger Station by Claude Adams; 2) Cottonwood Station by Helen Henderson and Bill Dubois; 3) Twin Springs by Virginia Cole Trenholm and Robert Larson; 4) Horseshoe Creek Crossing and Stage Station by Bill Shay; 5) The Elkhorn Wagon Train Encounter by Margert Mitchell Wilson; 6) La Bonte Station by Lyle Hildebrand and Joe Keenan; 7) Bozeman Trail by Leroy Moore; and 8) Fort Fetterman by Joe Keenan.

	Fourth segment of the Oregon Trail: Tom Sun Ranch to South Pass Annals of Wyoming 44:2:268-286 Contributors: Mrs. Tom Sun Sr.,Norman Dickinson, Tom Shaffer, Ila Lewis, Florence Kirk, Henry Jensen, Beulah Walker, Bill Bragg Jr. Trek No. 23 of the Historical Trail Treks was held in June 1972 and covered a segment of the Oregon trail from the Tom Sun Ranch to South Pass. Two Hundred eighty people were hosted by Carbon County Chapter and Fremont County Chapter of the Wyoming State Historical Society. Presentations were made at the following locations: 1) The Story of the Sun Ranch by Mrs. Tom Sun, Sr.; 2) Handcarts to Heaven by Bill Bragg, Jr.; 3) The Split Rock Telegraph and Pony Express Station by Beulah Walker; 4) Castle Rock by Henry Jensen; 5) The three crossings of the Sweetwater by Florence Kirk; 6) The story of Fort Stambaugh by Ida Lewis; 7) Story of Atlantic City by Tom Shaffer; and 8) Story of South Pass by Norman Dickinson.

	Trading Posts, Forts and Bridges of the Casper area - unraveling the tangle on the upper Platte Annals of Wyoming 47:1:4-30 By Robert A. Murray In 1812, Robert Stuart and his returning party of Astorians pioneered the Platte Valley, Sweetwater, South Pass route through the Rockies that became the Oregon Trail. River crossings demanded ferries or bridges. Mormon ferry service began in 1847. In 1851, John Richard built a bridge over the North Platte, a mile west of Deer Creek. Trading posts often grew up at bridge and ferries because of the Indian trouble. In 1855, the Army placed an officer and 25 men at Richard's Bridge and brought Richard's Trading post back to Fort Laramie. In 1858, the Army established a garrison of 67 soldiers and 35 civilians at Richard's second bridge, calling it "Post at Platte Bridge." Louis Gruinard built a bridge over the Sweetwater River in 1857 and 6 miles from Richards bridge on the North Platte in 1858. Richard's Bridge was the departure point for wagon trains going on the Bozeman Trail in 1864 and Guinard's Bridge was a departure point for those going on the Bridger Trail. Because of various reasons, Richard's Bridge was disassembled and transported to the new post, Fort Caspar, near Guinard's Bridge.

	Freight and stage road from Rawlins to Red Lodge, Montana: first segment of trail - Rawlins to Lander Annals of Wyoming 47:2:235-242 Contributors: Jane Houston, Henry Jensen, Jean Lambertsen, Ruth Beebe, Jeanne Lambertsen Trek No. 26 of the Historical Trail Treks was hosted by the Carbon County Chapter of the Wyoming State Historical Society in July 1975. The trek covered the first segment (Rawlins to Lander) of the Freight and Stage Road from Rawlins, Wyoming to Red Lodge, Montana. Presentations were made by: 1) The Rawlins - Lander (Fort Washakie) Stage Road by Jeanne Lambertsen; 2) How Lost Soldier Station got its name by Ruth Beebe; 3) Harris Road Ranch, Crook's Gap Station and Burnt Ranch Station by Jean Lambertsen; 4) Hailey Post Office and Stage Station on Beaver Creek by Henry Jensen; and 5) Derby Stop by Henry Jensen.

	Freight and stage road from Rawlins to Red Lodge, Montana: third segment of trail - Meeteetse to Chance Annals of Wyoming 49:2:262-284 Contributors: David J. Wasden, J. Randle Moody Trek No. 28 of the Historical Trail Treks was hosted by the Park County Chapter of the Wyoming State Historical Society in July 1977. More than 160 People travelled the third segment (Meeteetse, Wyoming to Chance, Montana) of the Freight and Stage Road from Rawlins, Wyoming to Red Lodge, Montana. Presentations were made by: 1) Review by David J. Wasden of original mail, stage, and freight routes in Big Horn Basin; 2) The early mail and freight route in Western Big Horn Basin by David J. Wasden; 3) The story behind the naming of Meeteetse by David J. Wasden; 4) History of Meeteetse Mercantile by J. Randle Moody; 5) Two Dot Ranch by David J. Wasden; Pat O'Hara Creek by David J. Wasden; 6) Eagles Nest Stage Station; and 7) The old Arland and Corbett Trading Post on Cottonwood Creek.

	Prelude to the Black Hills Gold Rush of 1876 Annals of Wyoming 54:1:36-50 By Scott Tubbs The Black Hills was the most cherished part of the Great Sioux Reservation, established by the Fort Laramie Treaty of 1868. Explorers first visited the Hills in 1742 when the Verendrye brothers touched the northeastern edge of the Black Hills. In 1874 Lieutenant Colonel George A. Custer commanded an expedition to the hills that was "peaceable and exclusively in the interest of science." Later in 1874 the Gordon expedition furthered the findings of gold in the Black Hills. The Newton-Jenny Expedition of 1875 was authorized by the Bureau of Indian Affairs "for the purpose of ascertaining the extent and value of the gold deposits." Although Jenney "did not speak highly of the Black Hills as a source of gold," miners and others swarmed the Hills. The 1876 treaty at Red Cloud Agency gave miners clear title to the land.

	Dempsey - Hockaday Trail -- An experience in history Annals of Wyoming 54:1:58-66 By Robert G. Rosenberg The Dempsey-Hockaday Trail was a "'short cut' on the Sublette Cut-off, which was the original Oregon Trail across what is now western Wyoming." The 16.7 mile trail crosses Commissary Ridge, the Ham's Fork River, the Ham's Fork Plateau, and Dempsey Basin before joining the Sublette Cut-off again on Dempsey Ridge. Blazed by John Hockaday, an experienced mountaineer and government surveyor, and Ropert D. Dempsey, a trapper and fur trader, the trail was used for emigrant travel from the mid 1850's through at least 1902.

	Bozeman - Trail to death and glory Annals of Wyoming 55:1:32-50 By Sherry L. Smith The Powder River history is a story that begins around 1400-1600, with Indians who were forced onto the plains abandoning agricultural lives and becoming hunters and gatherers. Early white explorers visited just after 1800. United States Government involvement started about 1859 with the Yellowstone Expedition. John Bozeman travelled the area between 1860-1863. Bozeman Trail traffic led emigrants from 1863-1864. However, Native American resistance flourished from 1864 to 1867. Forts were built for protection and cavalry/Indian fights left marks on history, until the United States Government conceded the country to the Powder River tribes. White men eventually intruded into the country and battles raged in 1875 and 1876. Civilization ensued with settlement, ranches and railroads.

	Overland mail in Wyoming Annals of Wyoming 61:2:13-19 By Patricia Ann Owens Overland mail service across Wyoming and the United Stated developed because of the need to ship gold out of mining areas like Montana and California, and to "bring supplies, mail, and news to settlements." One famous enterprise, the Pony Express owned by the firm of Russell, Majors, and Waddell, operated about a year discontinuing October 26, 1861. Other mail companies, Butterfield Overland Mail Company, Pikes Peak Express Company, and Wells, Fargo and Company to name three, competed for federal mail contracts. Names associated with overland mail companies were W.B. Dinsmore and Ben Holladay. Holladay's ventures carried the route from the Oregon Trail to the Overland Trail further south in Wyoming. Other influences on mail delivery in the mid-1800's were weather, Indian depradations, and the Civil War.

	Wyoming's Trails: A Centennial appreciation Annals of Wyoming 62:2:74-89 By Robert L. Munkres Wyoming's Trails reminisces an emigration of people across, through and into what was to become Wyoming. The pre-statehood (1890) history begins with Native Americans who came into the Rocky Mountain area as agricultural peoples and become hunters, "Lords of a Grassland Empire." Early white explorers and mountain men followed the beginning of the 19th century and left their names on forts and geographical features, Fort Laramie, Fort Bridger, Jackson Hole, Bridger Pass, Fitzpatrick Wilderness, and Fremont Peak. Emigrants followed, along with the "Frontier Army." Trails, such as the Oregon Trail, left innumerable memories of hardship, triumphs, and determination. Places of rest and recuperation, such as Fort Laramie, Warm Springs, Independence Rock, and Ice Springs, provided respite from hard travel. Ferries, such as Bridger's Ferry over the North Platte River and the Green River Ferry, aided crossing of large rivers. The crossing of the Continental Divide at South Pass often "hardly matched its historical significance." Remembering the people, events, and sites along Wyoming's trails represents a history of Wyoming before 1890.

	Civilization's Guardian: Army aid to emigrants on the Platte River Road, 1846-1869 Annals of Wyoming 69:1:2-16 By Michael L. Tate The frontier army of the 19th century has been portrayed as a group of fighting cavalrymen. However, Tate's article explains the "overwhelming majority of time spent in mundane but more important duties," such as the issuance of commissary supplies to travelers, medical care, blacksmithing, carpentry services, providing a post for mail delivery, road improvements by army enlisted men, bridge construction and law and order. Details are discussed in the backdrop of Fort Kearny in Nebraska and Fort Laramie in Wyoming.

	Cheapness and durability: the search for appropriate building materials in the Department of the Platte, 1866-1890 Annals of Wyoming 69:3:16-27 By Alison Hoagland and Kevin O'Dell The U. S. Army built more than 300 posts in the American West during the nineteenth century. The building program developed from poorly planned and poorly built structures to long-lasting brick structures that stand as an edifice to the creative solutions that grew from the Army's efforts. Those structures within the Department of the Platte provide an excellent example of the 30-40 years of building military structures.

	Bozeman Trail, 1863-1868 Annals of Wyoming 70:2:3-11 By Susan Badger Doyle "The emigrant and military routes of the Bozeman Trail resulted from the complex interaction of particular people, events, and geography during the brief Bozeman Trail era, 1863-1868. The four men responsible for developing the various segments of the trail were Jim Bridger, John Bozeman, James Sawyers, and Allen Hurlbut. In terms of the final route of the trail, the one we now call the Bozeman Trail, Bridger was responsible for a greater number of trail miles than the other three combined. While John Bozeman doggedly pursued his vision of opening a shortcut to the Montana goldfields, without Jim Bridger, there would be no Bozeman Trail."

	Bridger Trail: An alternate route to the gold fields of Montana Territory in 1864 Annals of Wyoming 70:2:12-23 By James A. Lowe "The Bridger Trail was a viable alternative to the Oregon Trail and its variants to reach Virginia City, Montana. .its viability as an alternative route was assured when at least ten trains traveled the Bridger Trail versus only four that took the Bozeman Trail" in 1864. Lack of emigrant travel on most trails in northern Wyoming in 1865, "the fact that the United States Army favored the Bozeman Trail, in 1866, and the completion of the Union Pacific Railroad in 1869 were factors rendering the Bridger Trail obsolete, .until after initial settlement in northern Wyoming Territory during the early 1880s."

	Goldilocks revisited Annals of Wyoming 70:2:31-40 By Rosemary G. Palmer Emigrant trail diaries and reminiscences speak of events on the trail where Native Americans were fascinated by fair-skinned, golden-haired emigrant children. It was not uncommon for Indians to offer horses in trade for white children whether the stories were tales of folklore or whether they were actual experiences is the subject of Goldilocks Revisited. Diary accounts are revisited to answer the question.

	Fort Laramie -- After the Army: Part I, The Auction Annals of Wyoming 73:3:12-23 By Douglas C. McChristian The article discusses the activities and feelings of army troops preparing to abandon Fort Laramie in the late 1800's. Once at the center of the Oregon and California migration of 1849 to 1869, Fort Laramie was officially closed by the United States Government March 2 1890 when the "last two companies of the Seventh Infantry marched out." Auction details are recorded.

	Fort Laramie -- After the Army: Part II, the Community Annals of Wyoming 73:4:20-40 By Douglas C. McChristian When the military abandoned Fort Laramie in 1890, civilians who had worked at the fort and those that had begun farming or ranching operations had to live independently of previous fort needs and activities. The article details homesteading and settlement of the "military reservation" and the civilians' actions to claim property and land. Trading stores, post offices, schools, churches, and recreation, to name a few are detailed.

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